The Interplay Between Temporal Perception Distortions and Everyday Pain

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Participant Information Sheet

MSc Brain and Behaviour.

Title of Project: The Interplay Between Everyday Pain and Temporal Perception Distortions.

Researcher: Rhiannon Rowlands-Tomos

Supervisor: David Moore

You are being invited to take part in a research study. Before you decide it is important that you understand why the research is being done and what it involves. Please take time to read the following information. Ask us if there is anything that is not clear or if you would like more information. Take time to decide if you want to take part or not.

1. What is the purpose of the study?

This study will be a self-reporting, online study, assessing everyday pain levels’ effect on temporal (time) perception among the general population. It is believed that being in pain can distort how you perceive time, either by overestimation or underestimation. Previous studies have used experimental and clinical settings to test this phenomenon by inducing pain upon their participants under artificial conditions. However, research is lacking in the context of temporal distortions. This study aims to expand on previous findings by using ‘everyday pain’ under naturalistic conditions. Additionally, assessing already existing pain levels, therefore without the infliction of pain upon participants.

The study aspires to be an informative avenue for future research in exploring the underpinnings of temporal perception distortions and pain, which is notably, a sparse area of research.

2. Who can take part?

Anyone over the age of 18 can take part. The study is open to the general public, with both male and female participants welcome. The study looks at individuals who experience pain, acute, short-term, and also chronic pain. Additionally, those who do not experience any pain.

3. Do I have to take part?

No. It is up to you to decide whether or not to take part. If you do you will be given this information sheet and give informed consent if you select the ‘yes’ box regarding consent at the beginning of the study. You are still free to withdraw at any time and without giving a reason and your data will be excluded from the study. A decision to withdraw will not affect your rights.

4. What will happen to me if I take part?

You will be asked to complete a survey to gather relevant, contextual information. This includes the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), which is a scale rating your current pain intensity. You will be asked to select the option which best reflects your pain level at that current moment. You will also be asked to fill out a Brief Pain Inventory short form, (BPI-sf) which is a self-administered questionnaire to using numerical ratings ranging from 0-10. You will be asked to rate your worst, least, average, and current pain intensities and to rate the degree in which that pain affects your general life and mood. Additionally, you will also complete the pain catastrophising scale (Sullivan et al., 1995) which quantifies an individual’s pain experience and catastrophic thinking related to pain. You will then be asked to complete a verbal estimation task which will present you with a stimuli and you will be required to estimate the duration of the stimuli using milliseconds.

5. Are there any risks / benefits involved?

There will be minimal risk exposed to you if you decide to take part. This is an online study, therefore no requirements to travel to locations or be in potentially harmful circumstances. You will only be asked to comment on existing pain, therefore, no pain will be inflicted. Potential risk may come to those who were to be experiencing severe pain during completion of the study with the cognitive demand of the task to cause strain or increase their pain levels in any way. If this is the case, you are encouraged to take a break from the task until you feel ready to return. Furthermore, if the pain levels become too much, you are advised to terminate the task.

There are no intended benefits associated with taking part, however the findings may help the researcher in assessing the relationship between temporal perception and everyday pain levels.

6. Will my taking part in the study be kept confidential?

Any information you provide will be kept strictly confidential. You do not have to provide a name on any questionnaires or information sheets and therefore the information you provide cannot be identified with your name.

7. Has this study been approved by an ethics committee?

LJMU Psychology Research Ethics Panel has assessed the research study and approved it.

8. Who to contact with enquires about this study?

Please contact Rhiannon Rowlands-Tomos, MSc Brain and Behaviour, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health.

LCPRTOMO@ljmu.ac.uk

Supervisor – David Moore

D.J.Moore@ljmu.ac.uk

Data Protection Notice

The data controller for this study will be Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU). The LJMU Data Protection Office provides oversight of LJMU activities involving the processing of personal data, and can be contacted at secretariat@ljmu.ac.uk. This means that we are responsible for looking after your information and using it properly. LJMU’s Data Protection Officer can also be contacted at secretariat@ljmu.ac.uk. The University will process your personal data for the purpose of research. Research is a task that we perform in the public interest.

Your rights to access, change or move your information are limited, as we need to manage your information in specific ways in order for the research to be reliable and accurate. If you withdraw from the study, we will keep the information about you that we have already obtained. You can find out more about how we use your information by contacting secretariat@ljmu.ac.uk.

If you are concerned about how your personal data is being processed, please contact LJMU in the first instance at secretariat@ljmu.ac.uk. If you remain unsatisfied, you may wish to contact the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO). Contact details, and details of data subject rights, are available on the ICO website at: https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/data-protection-reform/overview-of-the-gdpr/individuals-rights/

Thank you for reading this information sheet and for considering taking part in this study.

Do you consent to take part in the study?

Participant Information Sheet MSc Brain and Behaviour. Title of Project: The Interplay Between Everyday Pain and Temporal Perception Distortions. Researcher: Rhiannon Rowlands-Tomos Supervisor: David Moore You are being invited to take part in a research study. Before you decide it is important that you understand why the research is being done and what it involves. Please take time to read the following information. Ask us if there is anything that is not clear or if you would like more information. Take time to decide if you want to take part or not. 1. What is the purpose of the study? This study will be a self-reporting, online study, assessing everyday pain levels’ effect on temporal (time) perception among the general population. It is believed that being in pain can distort how you perceive time, either by overestimation or underestimation. Previous studies have used experimental and clinical settings to test this phenomenon by inducing pain upon their participants under artificial conditions. However, research is lacking in the context of temporal distortions. This study aims to expand on previous findings by using ‘everyday pain’ under naturalistic conditions. Additionally, assessing already existing pain levels, therefore without the infliction of pain upon participants. The study aspires to be an informative avenue for future research in exploring the underpinnings of temporal perception distortions and pain, which is notably, a sparse area of research. 2. Who can take part? Anyone over the age of 18 can take part. The study is open to the general public, with both male and female participants welcome. The study looks at individuals who experience pain, acute, short-term, and also chronic pain. Additionally, those who do not experience any pain. 3. Do I have to take part? No. It is up to you to decide whether or not to take part. If you do you will be given this information sheet and give informed consent if you select the ‘yes’ box regarding consent at the beginning of the study. You are still free to withdraw at any time and without giving a reason and your data will be excluded from the study. A decision to withdraw will not affect your rights. 4. What will happen to me if I take part? You will be asked to complete a survey to gather relevant, contextual information. This includes the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), which is a scale rating your current pain intensity. You will be asked to select the option which best reflects your pain level at that current moment. You will also be asked to fill out a Brief Pain Inventory short form, (BPI-sf) which is a self-administered questionnaire to using numerical ratings ranging from 0-10. You will be asked to rate your worst, least, average, and current pain intensities and to rate the degree in which that pain affects your general life and mood. Additionally, you will also complete the pain catastrophising scale (Sullivan et al., 1995) which quantifies an individual’s pain experience and catastrophic thinking related to pain. You will then be asked to complete a verbal estimation task which will present you with a stimuli and you will be required to estimate the duration of the stimuli using milliseconds. 5. Are there any risks / benefits involved? There will be minimal risk exposed to you if you decide to take part. This is an online study, therefore no requirements to travel to locations or be in potentially harmful circumstances. You will only be asked to comment on existing pain, therefore, no pain will be inflicted. Potential risk may come to those who were to be experiencing severe pain during completion of the study with the cognitive demand of the task to cause strain or increase their pain levels in any way. If this is the case, you are encouraged to take a break from the task until you feel ready to return. Furthermore, if the pain levels become too much, you are advised to terminate the task. There are no intended benefits associated with taking part, however the findings may help the researcher in assessing the relationship between temporal perception and everyday pain levels. 6. Will my taking part in the study be kept confidential? Any information you provide will be kept strictly confidential. You do not have to provide a name on any questionnaires or information sheets and therefore the information you provide cannot be identified with your name. 7. Has this study been approved by an ethics committee? LJMU Psychology Research Ethics Panel has assessed the research study and approved it. 8. Who to contact with enquires about this study? Please contact Rhiannon Rowlands-Tomos, MSc Brain and Behaviour, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health. LCPRTOMO@ljmu.ac.uk Supervisor – David Moore D.J.Moore@ljmu.ac.uk Data Protection Notice The data controller for this study will be Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU). The LJMU Data Protection Office provides oversight of LJMU activities involving the processing of personal data, and can be contacted at secretariat@ljmu.ac.uk. This means that we are responsible for looking after your information and using it properly. LJMU’s Data Protection Officer can also be contacted at secretariat@ljmu.ac.uk. The University will process your personal data for the purpose of research. Research is a task that we perform in the public interest. Your rights to access, change or move your information are limited, as we need to manage your information in specific ways in order for the research to be reliable and accurate. If you withdraw from the study, we will keep the information about you that we have already obtained. You can find out more about how we use your information by contacting secretariat@ljmu.ac.uk. If you are concerned about how your personal data is being processed, please contact LJMU in the first instance at secretariat@ljmu.ac.uk. If you remain unsatisfied, you may wish to contact the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO). Contact details, and details of data subject rights, are available on the ICO website at: https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/data-protection-reform/overview-of-the-gdpr/individuals-rights/ Thank you for reading this information sheet and for considering taking part in this study. Do you consent to take part in the study?

Yes

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